How a clinically validated supplement is tackling rising cases of pre-depression

Pre-depression is a significant unmet need. The condition, also known as subthreshold depression, has a negative impact on quality of life and is associated with increased mortality, a high risk of developing major depressive disorder (MDD) and significant economic costs.^1,2 Yet, it is controversial to use tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), the cornerstones of MDD treatment, to help people with pre-depression, creating a need for other ways to manage the condition.³

The prevalence of pre-depression means there is a major opportunity for interventions that improve the management of the condition. A survey by the US National Center for Health Statistics found that 17% of Americans had mild depressive symptoms.⁴ The situation in Europe is similar, with a pooled analysis of studies of subthreshold depression in seniors in seven countries finding 15% of people suffered from the condition.⁵

Those figures likely underestimate the current prevalence of pre-depression because the surveys took place before the events of recent years, notably the COVID-19 pandemic. A study found the proportion of Americans with mild depression symptoms increased from 16% in the years before COVID-19 to 25% in the early weeks of the pandemic.⁶ A systematic review of European studies found MDD rose 29%.⁷ Other studies reached similar conclusions, with a meta-analysis of 29 studies of more than 80,000 children and adolescents calculating depression doubled compared to pre-pandemic estimates.^8-10

While the direct impact of the pandemic on individuals has lessened since those studies, people now face economic stresses linked to depression, suggesting the prevalence of pre-depression may remain above the already high level seen before COVID-19.⁹ Each of those individuals has near-term problems and longer-term risks that the current arsenal of therapeutic options is unable to address.

MDD patients can benefit from prescription pharmaceuticals proven to help many people manage their symptoms. However, individuals with pre-depression have traditionally had far fewer options. Studies suggest antidepressants are ineffective in people with a diagnosis of recent onset subthreshold depressive symptoms, leaving patients with pre-depression without effective therapeutic support as they try to work through a condition that is detrimental to their quality of life and may lead to MDD.⁹

Designing a pre-depression supplement

Biofarma Group, a CDMO that develops and makes food supplements, medical devices, probiotic-based drugs and cosmetics, recognised the unmet need in pre-depression and applied its R&D capabilities to the problem. The result is SameUp, a clinically validated food supplement that combines two ingredients to support people in the pre-depressive phase.

SameUp contains S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) and the psychobiotic Lactobacillus plantarum. SAMe is an extensively studied molecule that is produced naturally in the body. Clinical trials have linked SAMe to comparable effects on depressive symptoms as prescription medicines, pointing to the potential for it to support patients by reducing oxidative and nitrosative stress.^11,12 SAMe has a fast onset of action, with participants in studies reporting improvements within seven days, on average.

Biofarma combined SAMe with a psychobiotic, a class of probiotics that are known to act on the central nervous system via the gut-brain axis. The concept has gained traction in recent years as researchers have studied the microbiota of patients with MDD.^13,14 Biofarma selected the psychobiotic in SameUp, L. plantarum, in part on the strength of a clinical trial that studied its effect on the stress marker cortisol.¹⁵ The clinical trial randomised 41 students with an upcoming academic exam to take L. plantarum 299v or placebo once a day for 41 days. Levels of cortisol, a steroid hormone released in response to stress, were the same in the two cohorts at baseline. By day 10, cortisol levels were significantly lower in recipients of L. plantarum, indicating the potential for the psychobiotic to help manage stress. A subsequent clinical trial found L. plantarum augmented SSRIs to improve cognitive performance in patients with MDD.¹⁶

Clinically validating the combination

Having selected the active ingredients, Biofarma enrolled 90 adults with mild-to-moderate depression in a six-week randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.¹⁷ The study linked SameUp to significant reductions in scores on a self-rated depression scale at week two and week six compared to placebo. The statistically significant differences were underpinned by improvements in the scores on the depressive, cognitive and anxiety subdomains of the self-rated symptom scale.

SameUp drove those improvements without causing adverse events, pointing to its suitability for use by people with pre-depression who are unlikely to be willing to tolerate side effects. Two participants in the SameUp cohort reported adverse events, compared to one in the placebo arm, but neither was deemed to be related to the study product.

The study supports the use of SameUp as a targeted formulation for mild-to-moderate depression in adults, the underserved patient population that saw its numbers swell after the pandemic began. Data on the patent-pending formulation supports the claim “helps to manage mood swings.”

To commercialise the combination, Biofarma has created an innovative, double-layered tablet. The novel dosage form supports bioavailability and the stable administration of the active ingredients. Keeping the active ingredients separate until the dosage form is digested by the consumer enables the coformulation of incompatible molecules. In the case of SameUp, the design keeps L. plantarum isolated from SAMe to ensure both molecules remain active, something that is impossible to achieve using sachets or capsules.

As well as enabling a 24-month shelf life, the bilayer design has consumer appeal, particularly if the layers are different colours. Separating the active ingredients into different layers differentiates the dosage form from other products and gives a visual indication of the combination of molecules that is used to drive the desired outcome.

Biofarma’s investment in the development and clinical validation of SameUp creates an opportunity for probiotic and dietary supplement brands. By working with Biofarma to bring SameUp to market, brands can leverage years of investment in SAMe and L. plantarum to support the millions of people who have pre- depression and currently lack the means to manage their symptoms.

Content sponsored by Biofarma Group

References

1. Cuijpers, P., Smit, F. & van Straten, A. Psychological treatments of subthreshold depression: a meta- analytic review. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 115, 434–441 (2007).
2. Lee, Y. Y. et al. The risk of developing major depression among individuals with subthreshold depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies. Psychol. Med. 49, 92–102 (2019).
3. Hyde, J. et al. A qualitative study exploring how GPs decide to prescribe antidepressants. Br. J. Gen. Pract. 55, 755–762 (2005).
4. Shim, R. S., Baltrus, P., Ye, J. & Rust, G. Prevalence, treatment, and control of depressive symptoms in the United States: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2005-2008. J. Am. Board Fam. Med. 24, 33–38 (2011).
5. Braam, A. W. et al. Depression, subthreshold depression and comorbid anxiety symptoms in older Europeans: results from the EURODEP concerted action. J. Affect. Disord. 155, 266–272 (2014).
6. Ettman, C. K. et al. Prevalence of Depression Symptoms in US Adults Before and During the COVID- 19 Pandemic. JAMA Netw Open 3, e2019686 (2020).
7. Santomauro, D. F. et al. Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet 398, 1700–1712 (2021).
8. Fisher, J. R. et al. Mental health of people in Australia in the first month of COVID-19 restrictions: a national survey. Med. J. Aust. 213, 458–464 (2020).
9. Barendse, M. et al. Longitudinal change in adolescent depression and anxiety symptoms from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic: A collaborative of 12 samples from 3 countries. (2021) doi:10.31234/osf.io/hn7us.
10. Racine, N. et al. Global Prevalence of Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Children and Adolescents During COVID-19: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 175, 1142–1150 (2021).
11. Impact of economic crises on mental health. (2017).
12. National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK). THE MANAGEMENT OF SUBTHRESHOLD DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS. (British Psychological Society, 2010).
13. Galizia, I. et al. S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) for depression in adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 10, CD011286 (2016).
14. Mischoulon, D. et al. Bioavailability of S-adenosyl methionine and impact on response in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in major depressive disorder. J. Clin. Psychiatry 73, 843–848 (2012).
15. Huang, R., Wang, K. & Hu, J. Effect of Probiotics on Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 8, (2016).
16. Wallace, C. J. K. & Milev, R. The effects of probiotics on depressive symptoms in humans: a systematic review. Ann. Gen. Psychiatry 16, 14 (2017).
17. Andersson, H. et al. Oral Administration of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v Reduces Cortisol Levels in Human Saliva during Examination Induced Stress: A Randomized, Double-Blind Controlled Trial. Int. J. Microbiol. 2016, 8469018 (2016).
18. Rudzki, L. et al. Probiotic Lactobacillus Plantarum 299v decreases kynurenine concentration and improves cognitive functions in patients with major depression: A double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 100, 213–222 (2019).
19. Saccarello, A. et al. Oral Administration of S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) and Lactobacillus Plantarum HEAL9 Improves the Mild-To-Moderate Symptoms of Depression: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Prim. Care Companion CNS Disord. 22, (2020).